| National debates often underscore the significance of stakeholder engagement in shaping research agendas. Debates also emphasise fostering gender equality in research and balancing economic aspirations with societal needs, like implementing SDGs and embracing renewables. | |
| Frequently addressed themes include the promotion of an STI culture (e.g. awareness campaigns) and initiatives promoting multi-stakeholder engagement. | |
| More policies address public research organisations than any other target group, as governments aim to direct their research activities towards addressing societal challenges. | |
| Countries primarily use strategies to structure and align activities of public bodies, STI system actors and policy initiatives in addressing societal challenges, e.g. through priority setting. |
In their response to the 2023 EC-OECD STIP survey, countries described their main policy debates around government support to research and innovation for society (see Annex A for the raw data). The following debates figured prominently in country responses:
1. Governance arrangements:
2. Strategic focus and prioritisation:
3. Gender Equality and Inclusivity:
4. Education and Skills Development:
Figure 1 displays the number of policies for each theme within the research and innovation for society policy area. The theme with the largest number of reported initiatives is Science, technology and innovation culture, including awareness campaigns (e.g. mass-media communications, open days and big events), initiatives promoting participatory learning techniques, major revisions of educational curricula and innovation prizes and contests. After this theme comes Research and innovation for society strategy, which gathers national agendas seeking to improve societal wellbeing and cohesion, and Ethics of emerging technologies, which help ensure that technology development aligns with societal values and goals. The Multi-stakeholder engagement theme includes initiatives aimed at orienting research and innovation activities towards societal issues and ensuring that their benefits are broadly shared across society
The largest numbers of initiatives in this policy area are targeted towards Public research institutes (Figure 2), aiming to support their efforts in addressing societal challenges. Initiatives targeted at Higher education institutes also aim to incite them to contribute towards these challenges. Many initiatives aim to benefit Civil society as a whole, and thus, this target group displays a relatively high number of initiatives in the Figure compared to other policy areas. A large number of initiatives target Established researchers, Postdocs and other early-career researchers and PhD students. The National government also displays a large number of policy initiatives, related to a high number of strategies, agendas and plans reported in this policy area. Policies also frequently engage Firms,, i.e. seeking to involve the business sector in addressing societal challenges.
Figure 3 presents how frequently different policy instruments are used in policies reported under the Research and innovation for society policy area. Countries primarily use Strategies, agendas and plans as a governance instrument that structures and aligns activities of public bodies and other policy actions in addressing societal challenges, e.g. through priority setting. Many of these strategies involve international cooperation (see keywords). Public awareness campaigns are highly cited in this policy area, compared to others. Several policies reported under the Science, technology and innovation culture theme (Figure 1) use this instrument. Besides these two instruments, the remainder of Figure 3 depicts a "long tail", i.e. a wide variety of instruments used less frequently. Project grants for public research and Networking and collaborative platforms address emerging technologies and societal challenges such as food and climate change (see keywords).
The largest number of policies reporting budget information falls under the Less than 1M EUR range (Figure 4). These small scale initiatives, varying in nature, tend to promote societal awareness and appreciation of science, technology and innovation (STI) that address civil society as a whole. Many of them use public awareness campaigns and prizes and awards, as described above. Several initiatives between 1M and 20M EUR are more specifically targeted to STI actors as opposed to civil society. They aim to support STI activities promising significant contributions to social well-being (see "living standards", "climate change", "resilience" and other keywords). Policy initiatives within the 100M-500M and More than 500M EUR budget ranges include several large scale research funding programmes that aim to have large societal impacts (see keywords).
Figure 5 shows that Germany has reported the largest number of initiatives in this policy area, followed by Portugal, Türkiye and the European Union. The chart shows only the number of policy initiatives reported by countries and gives no indication of their scale or scope. The figure should therefore be interpreted with care. Clicking on a given bar in the chart will bring you to the corresponding country dashboard for Research and innovation for society policies.
Table 1 contains the answers provided by countries (and other entities) to the following question: Briefly, what are the current main policy debates around how policy for research and innovation can help address societal challenges? If applicable, please elaborate on how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are being incorporated into STI policy objectives, design and implementation. You may use the table's search box to filter the data by country or keyword. You may also dowload the data in Excel format.
Table 1. Policy debates in the Research and innovation for society policy area
| Response | |
|---|---|
| Austria | To address the challenges posed by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Research, Technology, and Innovation (RTI) policies must play a significant role in fostering comprehensive ecological, economic, and societal transformations. The RTI Strategy 2030 and the RTI Pacts, which put societal challenges and sustainable development front and centre, define "RTI for achieving climate targets" and "supporting the twin transition" as priority action areas. Moreover, sectoral strategies and action plans for sustainable development integrate RTI measures. A notable recent instance is the federal Circular Economy Strategy, adopted in December 2022. Approximately half of the national RTI project funding for applied research is allocated to supporting the twin transition. The Austrian Research Funding Agency has established a system to monitor the contribution of each funded project towards the SDGs. On the European stage, Austria contributes to the Green Deal and the EU Missions in Horizon Europe through a national implementation framework. |
| Belgium - Brussels Capital | The Brussels-Capital Region (BCR) has prioritized its innovation policy to ensure that new technologies and innovations do not have adverse impacts on its citizens and society. Innoviris, the regional agency responsible for Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) funding, serves both as an enabler and sustainer of innovation, fostering a responsible R&I policy. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were instrumental in linking global trends to regional priorities when developing the new Regional Innovation Plan. As such, the priorities identified within the plan reflect the majority of the SDGs. Innoviris provides financial (and other forms of) support to key emerging technology sectors that have a vibrant local ecosystem and can effectively address societal challenges. The region has been at the forefront of active support for the Artificial Intelligence (AI) domain, with numerous initiatives to strengthen the R&I ecosystem in this field. Another promising domain with strong regional roots is biotechnology, supported by an R&I call on predictive medicine. To promote sustainable, inclusive, and socially responsible valorization of research, Innoviris aims to encourage the creation of interdisciplinary project consortia and foster cooperation between academic and non-academic sectors, as well as profit and non-profit sectors. There are challenges yet promising opportunities in the collaboration between social and human sciences (SHS) and non-SHS research domains. Innoviris also addresses societal challenges stemming from the wide-scale integration of new technological solutions into daily life. Themes like the digital divide, pollution, mental health, precarity, and challenges related to the disintermediation of the economy have been tackled. Projects often employ co-creative and live lab-inspired designs with a strong practical orientation. Thematic calls for societal challenges are identified through a participatory process of "entrepreneurial discovery," allowing all regional stakeholders to contribute their input. Creating a responsible RDI support policy necessitates an ethical framework, which is currently under development. This framework aims to encourage beneficiaries to design RDI projects that are ethical from the onset. In practical terms, this means adhering to the codes of ethics in R&D and existing legally binding ethical frameworks. There's recognition that many current research protocols and legal frameworks are not fully or correctly applied by researchers. This new framework will aim to empower researchers rather than penalize them, with emphasis on a broader set of ethical considerations in addition to familiar frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) for research on AI and data. In a recent initiative to tackle societal challenges through R&I, the BCR launched a new funding program, "Prove your social innovation". This program aims to validate the feasibility and viability of new socially innovative products, processes, or services that meet clearly identified social needs.. |
| Belgium - Federal government | The federal government officially established the third Federal Sustainable Development Plan (FSDP) on October 1, 2021. This plan serves as a crucial framework for the federal government's commitment to implementing the United Nations 2030 Agenda and achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To guide its efforts in addressing climate change, a roadmap has been devised. This roadmap encompasses the planning of measures to be taken and the indicators used to monitor these measures. It is structured around 22 themes and categorized into 9 priority areas. Sustainable development serves as a catalyst for innovation and presents an opportunity to re-evaluate Belgium's economic model, ensuring a sustainable future for society, the planet, and the economy. Belgium has launched the 'SDG Charter for International Development' with the aim of fostering collaboration between the private sector, civil society, and the public sector in pursuing the SDGs and international development. Over 100 companies and organizations have endorsed this Charter. Civil society has played a significant role in Belgium's Voluntary National Review (VNR) process, providing coordinated advisory opinions on the draft review (UN DESA, 2017). |
| Belgium - Flanders | In the 2019-24 policy note, the Minister for ESI introduced a transition-oriented policy centered around six cross-cutting projects. One of the key projects focuses on climate innovations, aiming to foster a low-carbon industry and a highly circular economy to reduce waste and preserve resources for the future. To drive innovative climate solutions, the "Moonshot" program (now known as Climate Jump) was established. This program is dedicated to developing low-carbon technologies for the Flemish industry. It involves an annual investment of EUR 20 million over the next 20 years (equivalent to USD 23 million PPP in 2015). Carbon capture usage and storage are of particular importance within this program. The circular economy project encompasses various domains, including the bio-economy, food policy, energy, and other primary resources. A specific research policy agenda has been devised for the circular economy and the bio-economy. Despite the ambition to pursue a more mission-oriented policy, there are challenges associated with its development and implementation. Currently, generic funding accounts for 69% of government research and innovation (R&I) funding, while thematic funding constitutes 27%. Transition-oriented initiatives make up 3% of government R&I spending, with mission-oriented endeavours accounting for just 1%. |
| Belgium - Wallonia | In 2023, Belgium - Wallonia did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| Belgium - Wallonia-Brussels Federation | Consideration for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is incorporated within the 'potential societal impact' criterion when evaluating projects submitted under the funding scheme for university colleges. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Even though the work is under way, the government of RS still has not adopted the new Strategy for the development of science, technology, higher education and the information society in the Republic of Srpska for the period 2022-2028. The new strategy is being created according to the new law on strategic planning and development management of the Republic of Srpska (2021) and follows guidelines set up by the ERA priorities as well as the UNDP sustainable development goals. Therefore, until the new strategy is in place (Q3 2023), majority of the activities is still mostly based on the old STI Strategy for the 2017-2021 period. |
| Brazil | The primary policy debates concerning national research and innovation policy in addressing societal challenges revolve around (i) the establishment of mission-oriented policies, and (ii) the governance of the national innovation system. Efforts are being made to incorporate the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into STI policy design and implementation by progressively aligning STI policies, strategies, and plans. The National Economic and Social Development Strategy specifically aims to tackle the SDGs. The transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to low-carbon, renewable energy systems needs a renewed focus on adopting sustainable solutions. While relevant and sustainable technological solutions already exist, their implementation is often hindered by institutional rules, political choices, and socio-cultural attitudes. Overcoming these barriers requires co-financing agreements and approaches that promote broad stakeholder involvement, including municipalities, businesses, academia, and civil society. Policy discussions regarding R&D and innovation in response to societal challenges have also heavily centred around the COVID-19 pandemic. Several initiatives have allocated additional resources to finance new projects aimed at developing vaccines, treatments, and protective equipment, and addressing other instrumental challenges posed by the pandemic. |
| Bulgaria | The proposed Research and Innovation Act should delineate the components of the research and innovation ecosystem in the country, regulating the primary social relationships between participants. The objective is to create conditions conducive to realising their full potential and amplifying the economic and social impact of investments in research and innovation. This will enable a timely response to the social and global challenges confronting Bulgarian society and will foster the modernisation of the Bulgarian economy, promoting growth. The introduction of this new law aims to remedy the existing lack of coordination amongst different sectoral policies. It proposes a mechanism for coherence in establishing and implementing a unified policy to promote research and innovation, relying on functional relationships between institutions. The Act's enactment will result in a dynamic, outcome-oriented, and efficient research system, supporting sustainable economic growth and enhancing quality of life in the country, in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals. The law will identify the responsible bodies and outline the process for developing national policy to promote research and innovation. It will regulate the role of each institution involved in the creation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the policy, and will indicate the avenues for financing this policy. |
| Canada | The Government of Canada is committed to advancing the United Nations' 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through concrete actions. This includes addressing societal challenges and promoting sustainable economic growth, reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, gender equality, and taking action on climate change and clean energy through various science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies. Recognising the economic opportunities presented by climate change, the government acknowledges that critical minerals and advanced materials are essential for clean technology development. Canada aims to leverage its resource endowment, environmental and social governance credentials, R&D and innovation leadership, clean mining practices, robust regulatory system, and investment environment to meet the global demand for critical minerals and associated value-added products. This supports industrial diversification, high-quality employment, and sustainable development across the country. The sustainable management of natural resources and the development of critical minerals for future energy needs are key priorities for the Government of Canada. The Program of Applied Research on Climate Action (PARCA), launched in 2021, focuses on using behavioral insights to inform climate policy, programs, and communication. Through longitudinal surveys and research, PARCA aims to understand Canadians' awareness of climate issues, their interest in climate action, and the factors influencing pro-climate decisions such as purchasing electric vehicles or reducing food waste. On the international front, Canada engages in STI policy discussions with partners in the Global South through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). IDRC's Strategy 2030 aligns its research programming with the SDGs, particularly focusing on climate change and inequality. Gender equality (SDG 5) and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) are integrated across IDRC's programming and guide its strategic direction. IDRC supports researchers in developing countries through grants, funding and awards, to ensure their perspectives are represented in global policy debates on emerging technologies and climate change. Initiatives such as the Artificial Intelligence for Development Africa initiative strengthen AI research capacity in sub-Saharan Africa while supporting policy research to establish responsible AI frameworks. IDRC also supports research on AI applications for pandemic preparedness and maternal health in Southern contexts. National innovation capacity is crucial for countries to contribute solutions locally and globally and achieve SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure). IDRC's Science Granting Councils Initiative supports national science councils in sub-Saharan Africa to strengthen system-level capacity for science and innovation. In Latin America, IDRC fosters inclusive science and innovation systems by supporting research projects on STI priorities and facilitating collaboration through a regional network. In summary, the Government of Canada is committed to leveraging STI policies and initiatives to address societal challenges, promote sustainable development, and contribute to the achievement of the SDGs both domestically and globally. |
| Chile | In recent years, various stakeholders within the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) system have initiated policy debates on how research and innovation policies can aid in addressing societal challenges. In response to this movement, the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation (MSTKI) is set to establish a pioneering public institute dedicated to technological research on strengthening social cohesion. This institute aims to serve as a valuable guide throughout the social and cultural transformations driven by technological transitions and productive development. By leveraging knowledge, empirical evidence, and novel platforms for social innovation, the Ministry intends to shape Chile into a leading example of sustainable productive development. The Institute will serve as a cornerstone in the field of sustainable development, drawing on the profound insights from the humanities, arts, and social sciences. It will promote an open dialogue with cutting-edge social innovation technologies and strategically intertwine these academic disciplines to ensure a future where the Chilean social fabric is resilient, coexistence harmonious, and social cohesion enduring. The ultimate goal is to create a world that is not only technologically advanced but also deeply rooted in social cohesion and human values. |
| Colombia | In 2023, Colombia did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| Costa Rica | Since the publication of the "Knowledge-based Society and Economy National Policy" by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT) in 2017, Costa Rica's research, development, and innovation policies have been aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, focusing on addressing Grand Challenges. Several strategies have been introduced to intensify cooperation and address global challenges, including the "Digital Transformation National Strategy (2018-2022)" and the "National Plan of Decarbonisation," published in 2019. The "Bioeconomy National Strategy" launched in August 2020, is a collaborative effort led by MICITT and involves the participation of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and the Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Trade. This strategy recognizes the bioeconomy as a catalyst for productive transformation in Costa Rica. It focuses on increasing value-added in sectors such as agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, and agro-industry. It also emphasizes processing waste and residues from these sectors, diversifying production, and encouraging the development of new value chains. Additionally, the strategy promotes the sophisticated use of Costa Rica's biodiversity and knowledge in the field of biological sciences for sustainable national production. The bioeconomy strategy acknowledges that Costa Rica has the opportunity to achieve significant progress towards sustainability by reconciling objectives of productive development, environmental protection, and the sustainable use of its biological resources. |
| Croatia | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that relate to research and innovation, SDGs 8 'To promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all', and 9 'Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation', are embedded in the National Development Strategy 2030, the draft S3 2029, the NRRP, and the PCC 2021-2027 (EU Cohesion policy). Missions form an integral part of the framework programme Horizon Europe, programmed within the second pillar of Global Challenges and Industrial Competitiveness. They represent a wide-ranging portfolio of activities that aim to achieve stimulating and measurable goals with a societal and policy-making impact within a short time frame. The following five missions aim to better connect EU research and innovation with societal and citizen needs, with high visibility and impact: Adaptation to Climate Change, Cancer, Restore Our Ocean and Waters, Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities, and a Soil Deal for Europe. Each mission has a Mission Board, consisting of 15 experts who promote the EU Missions by raising citizens' awareness, advising on the actions of the Missions' implementation plans, and building on the work of the Mission Boards from the first phase. The Republic of Croatia has two experts on the Mission Boards. Moreover, many of the seven priority investment areas identified in the draft Smart Specialisation strategy 2029 respond to various societal challenges - primarily those related to health and the impact of climate change on food, energy, and transport. These include areas Sustainable and Circular Food, Smart and Clean Energy, Customised and Integrated Wood Products, Personalised Health, and Smart and Green Transport. The Ruder Boškovic Institute, the largest and most influential Croatian research institute, is currently implementing an infrastructural project worth 80 million euros that will facilitate four scientific platforms. The Platform for Marine and Environmental Research and the Platform for Biological and Medical Research directly address societal challenges, demonstrating a concentration of research interest and competencies in these areas. The economic analysis of Croatian regions reveals a significant disparity between the development of the City of Zagreb and three industrial transition regions - Pannonian, Adriatic, and Northern Croatia. The most developed region is economically 3.5 times stronger than the least developed. To alleviate the mentioned disparities between the City of Zagreb and the three regions undergoing industrial transition, the Integrated Territorial Programme 2021 - 2027 includes the creation of Plans for the Industrial Transition of Pannonian, Northern, and Adriatic Croatia. These plans define the directions of change and investment priorities, as well as a transformation roadmap that will enable the enhancement of regional competitiveness through industrial transition towards niches with higher added value. This approach aligns with the Smart Specialisation Strategy 2029 approach. |
| Cyprus | The importance of research and innovation (R&I) in addressing major societal challenges is recognized in Cyprus. The government has identified the need to improve R&I performance and strengthen cooperation with academia and the research community. This includes reforms to attract and retain human capital in R&I and to enhance digital skills and STEM education in schools. The upcoming National R&I Strategy 2030, currently being developed by the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Digital Policy (DMRID), will address societal challenges. It will focus on key areas such as Human Resources (related to SDG 4 - Quality Education) and Gender Equality (related to SDG 5 - Gender Equality), as well as Innovation and Entrepreneurship (related to SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). The strategy will also align with the national Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) for the period 2023-2030, which identifies sectorial priorities aligned with various SDGs including 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, and 15. Cyprus is actively participating in European initiatives and partnerships to address societal challenges. This includes participation in Centres of Excellence under the Teaming for Excellence program, European Partnerships under Horizon Europe, and EU Missions. The country has committed funding for various initiatives related to SDGs, such as Agroecology (SDG 6, 13, 15), Driving Urban Transition (SDG 11, 13), Clean Energy Transition (SDG 7, 13), and more. To monitor and implement the SDGs, Cyprus has established coordination and monitoring mechanisms. The Directorate General Growth of the Ministry of Finance is responsible for coordinating and mapping national policies and strategies relevant to the SDGs. The government has sought expert support from the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) to establish a governance and monitoring mechanism. The recommendations include the establishment of an SDG Technical Interministerial Committee and an open SDG data portal to track progress. The inclusion of SDG priorities in the Strategy Statement and the annual evaluation of the National Reform Programme demonstrates Cyprus' commitment to implementing the SDGs and incorporating them into government strategies. |
| Czech Republic | Research, development, and innovation policy play a crucial role in addressing the significant societal challenges we face today. At the European level, these challenges are addressed through instruments such as the missions of the Horizon Europe Framework Programme, which aim to tackle common societal challenges across the EU. At the national level, a governance structure for missions is currently being established, involving representatives from ministries, public sector bodies, and other relevant stakeholders. This structure will align with the European Commission's approach to missions and will focus on raising awareness about available opportunities among interested stakeholders. It will also monitor the participation of Czech applicants in the Horizon Europe missions and propose measures to increase participation. Additionally, it will organize workshops, mutual-learning exercises, and networking activities with partners from across the EU to share experiences and best practices in implementing missions. Supporting research infrastructures is another essential element in addressing societal challenges in the Czech Republic. Research infrastructures concentrate significant resources, including material, human, and financial, necessary for obtaining breakthrough knowledge and providing solutions to socio-economic challenges. They also foster collaboration between education, industry, and research sectors and often operate based on open access principles. The Czech government prioritises the support of large research infrastructures, as highlighted in the Roadmap of Large Research Infrastructures of the Czech Republic, which is regularly updated to inform policy-making and public funding decisions. Operational costs of these infrastructures are covered by the state budget, while investment costs for modernisation are supported by EU Cohesion Policy instruments, such as the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). Research infrastructures in various fields, including physical sciences, engineering, energy, environmental sciences, health and food, and social sciences and humanities, receive support. Overall, through the missions approach and support for research infrastructures, the Czech Republic aims to address societal challenges effectively and promote innovation and research excellence in the country. |
| Denmark | Danish society recognises the crucial role of education and research in addressing significant societal challenges. In recent years, the focus of the debate has particularly been on digitalisation, including information communication technology, artificial intelligence, big data, as well as the potential of life sciences. However, the highest priority in the R&D agenda for society, parliament, and government is related to environmental challenges. In 2019, a broad majority in the Danish Parliament passed the Act on Climate, which sets a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Furthermore, a comprehensive political agreement was reached in 2021 to support the green transition of Danish agriculture. The agreement aims to improve the aquatic environment, enhance nature conditions in agricultural areas, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. The targets include a reduction in nitrogen losses of 10,800 tonnes to the aquatic environment by 2027 and a reduction of 1.9 million tonnes of CO2 by 2030. Supporting research and technological development are prioritised initiatives within the agreement. This commitment from both the government and parliament has significantly influenced the priorities of Danish science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy, leading to the allocation of funding to address climate change (for more details on the green research strategy, refer to the sub-dashboards by policy area on Net zero transitions). |
| Estonia | Estonia has devised a development strategy, "Estonia 2035", which outlines five long-term strategic goals and highlights nine areas of development within the country. These strategic goals are value-based objectives that support the country's strategic decisions. All of Estonia's strategic development documents contribute to the implementation of this strategy. These areas of development form the foundation for significant steps to be taken across all sectors of life, aiming to either improve the current situation or leverage available opportunities. Global socio-economic changes and the Sustainable Development Goals were considered in the preparation of the "Estonia 2035" strategy. Science, technology and innovation (STI) play a role in executing this strategy. Furthermore, the RITA programme was established to fund applied research centred on the country's socio-economic needs and enhance the research and development capacity and coordination among ministries. At the programme's inception, joint R&D projects between ministries were rare, but the programme has bolstered inter-ministerial cooperation. For instance, an R&D project on COVID-19 was initiated in 2020, involving six ministries and the Government Office, all with shared interests and objectives. A key debate revolves around how to further amplify the impact of STI in Estonia. With the new Research, Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 (RDIE), Estonia aims to strengthen the connection between the public research system and societal and economic needs. The strategy outlines five focal areas of RDIE for Estonia that closely align with the "Estonia 2035" strategy. For each of these focal areas, a roadmap has been developed based on extensive engagement from stakeholders in the research community, business sector, and relevant policymakers from different ministries. The Government-approved roadmap serves as an agreement on the topics and actions most needed to address the respective challenges. |
| European Union | While the benefits of research and innovation (R&I) for economic growth have been widely documented, R&I is also key to deliver answers to complex social problems (e.g. social mobility, poverty, inequalities), to provide solutions to mitigate effects of climate change and biodiversity loss and to improve overall well-being. The European Union, through its political leadership, took the decision to lead the transition into a more sustainable growth model and accelerate the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The Commission's reflection paper « Towards a Sustainable Europe by 2030 » identifies research and innovation as enablers to accelerate the transition towards an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable Europe. The Political Guidelines of the Commission point to the need for Europe to lead the transition to a healthy planet while stimulating innovation, competitiveness and jobs. More specifically, Europe is to become the world's first climate-neutral continent, as reflected in the priorities of the European Commission 2019-2024 through the Green Deal, the action plan for the circular economy, a strategy for a sustainable blue economy, the 'Farm to Fork' strategy and the plan for beating cancer. The European Commission is committed to promoting gender equality in R&I, with gender equality and gender mainstreaming being a priority of the European Research Area (ERA). To this end, provisions have been strengthened for Horizon Europe. With the new eligibility criterion for every public body, higher education institution and research organisation to have in place a Gender Equality Plan, the European Commission promotes gender-equal opportunities for researchers. With monitoring practices and presenting data across staff categories, the gender gap in academia and R&I becomes visible. For instance, the She Figures 2021 monitoring report, shows clearly the persisting under-representation of women at the highest level of academic positions, with women representing about 26% of full professorship positions and women as inventors, with less than 11% of patent applications coming from women. Additionally, taking into account the possible differences between men and women (biological characteristics as well as the social and cultural features), in the R&I content of the project is a matter of scientific excellence and societal relevance of the produced R&I outputs. To encourage this process, under Horizon Europe, the integration of the gender dimension (sex and gender analysis) into R&I content has become a requirement by default, an award criterion evaluated under the excellence criterion, unless the topic description explicitly specifies otherwise. Importantly, the ERA Policy Agenda 2022-2024 includes a specific action (Action 5) to progress towards inclusive gender equality. The deliverables include having in place a strategy to counteract gender-based violence in the EU R&I system and developing principles for the integration and evaluation of a gender perspective in research and innovation content, in cooperation with national Research Funding Organisations. A subgroup of the ERA Forum is dedicated to ERA Action 5 to lead the way on the achievement of these deliverables. |
| Finland | Research and innovation policy in Finland is increasingly addressing societal challenges. In 2021, the Parliamentary RDI working group stipulated a key principle: RDI activities should anticipate, identify, and adapt to global challenges and the ensuing opportunities they generate. Additionally, Finland should strive to undertake a leading role in pursuing a sustainable future by enhancing its system-level approach in research and innovation policy. This approach would focus on key technologies, scientific areas, and knowledge vital for sustainable development, such as energy and environmental technologies. Besides energy and environmental challenges, Finland also faces the need to address significant societal issues such as an ageing population, low birth rate, and a structural public deficit. There's growing interest in implementing mission-oriented innovation policy (MOIP), an approach that aims to address specific societal challenges by setting ambitious and measurable goals. These goals require coordination between different stakeholders, including government, industry, and academia. The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment's growth portfolio identifies four key societal challenges that need addressing: energy transition, digitalisation, circular economy, and welfare. These are potential areas for identifying future missions. The Parliamentary RDI working group's multiannual plan (2023) recommends that national strategic choices should be made and serve as an important basis for steering public RDI funding. These strategic choices are expected to strengthen the capacity to accelerate sustainability transitions and develop internationally competitive centres of expertise and innovation in selected areas. During the selection process, global change trends, the requirements of the green transition, prerequisites and boundary conditions for growth are identified. The strategic choices and development needs of research and innovation policy are defined such that RDI policy can be directed towards promoting the green transition. The optimal implementation of MOIP in Finland is currently being investigated in a survey commissioned by the Finnish Government, with the report due in May 2023. Key national RDI funding organisations are already advancing MOIP-led initiatives. For instance, Business Finland launched two pilot missions in 2021, and two more missions are expected to commence in 2023. These missions aim to strengthen Finnish companies' abilities to seize significant future market opportunities and to accelerate societal, systemic changes in response to global challenges. Another example is the Academy of Finland's Flagship Programme, which supports high-quality research and magnifies the economic and societal impact that emerges from this research. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and STI Policy The government's sustainability roadmap and the Agenda2030 reports have been prominent in promoting sustainable development, as they have connected the government's programme with SDGs and enabled the monitoring of their progress. Finland has legally set the goal of increasing national R&D funding to 4% in relation to GDP, and it has been proposed that as R&D funding increases, more innovation funding should be allocated towards addressing societal challenges. For example, funding could be channelled towards industry reform, aligning with the SDG of building sustainable infrastructure and developing sustainable industries and innovations. The National Sustainable Development Commission, active since 1993, has been central in defining and implementing sustainable development and SDG policies in Finland. The Commission's work is supported by an independent Expert Panel on Sustainable Development, composed of renowned researchers from various scientific areas. Currently, sustainable development and SDGs feature in the tasks and strategies of higher education and research institutions, as well as in the strategies and instruments of main R&D funders. Seeking solutions to sustainability is one of the aims of national RDI strategies, such as the national roadmap for RDI. Concrete actions within the research and development system include: (i) Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) committing to carbon neutrality by 2035, (ii) the Academy of Finland considering, as one of its science policy objectives, how proposed projects have incorporated sustainable development in making funding decisions, (iii) the explicit inclusion and importance of advancing sustainable development in Business Finland's strategy, and (iv) research-performing organisations restructuring to better account for the cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary nature of sustainability challenges - the Helsinki Institute of Sustainable Science (HELSUS) is just one example. All public entities - ministries, agencies, and state research institutes - are instructed to report annually on their efforts to promote sustainable development to the State Treasury. In their sustainability reports, organisations report on their activities in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals relevant to the organisations work defined in the 2030 Agenda based on inter alia measurable indicators. All reports are publicly accessible. National STI Policy Approaches to Support Indigenous Knowledge and Communities These policies include specific national tasks allocated to universities, such as the nationwide responsibility to organise, introduce, and provide Saami language and cultural studies and research at the academic level (University of Oulu), and the special national task to conduct social and legal research on the Saami people (University of Lapland). Finland participates in Nordic and other international networks and forums for STI-related activities on indigenous knowledge and communities. The Finnish research community is well-prepared for international collaboration, as evidenced by its active research, including numerous indigenous scientific projects funded by the Academy of Finland. In addition, international treaties, like the Nordic Saami Convention, stipulate on STI-related matters. Stipulations pertain to, among other things, the knowledge needs of Saami society, the recruitment of Saami researchers, and cooperation between Saami society and research institutions. |
| France | In 2023, France did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| Germany | Multiple global crises pose a risk to our prosperity and strain social cohesion. Therefore, robustness in dealing with these crises and resilience, defined as the ability to adapt to changing conditions across all sectors of society, are of utmost importance. Research and Innovation (R&I) policy will contribute to fostering resilience in every area of society, including the development of sustainable industries and mobility, climate change and biodiversity, health and care, technological sovereignty and digitalisation, sustainable use of seas, oceans and outer space, and social resilience and cohesion. The Future Strategy for Research and Innovation (Zukunftsstrategie Forschung und Innovation) addresses these societal challenges through its missions, always adhering to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) as guiding principles. The Strategy Research for Sustainability (Forschung für Nachhaltigkeit - FONA) set out by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) establishes three main goals: achieving climate objectives; researching, protecting and using habitats and natural resources; and developing society and economy. In alignment with these goals, solutions for specific fields of action are being developed holistically, incorporating ecological, economic and social perspectives. |
| Greece | The process for updating the Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2022 in the contect of monitoring the implementation of the SDGs, was spearheaded by a working group established within the Presidency of the Government in 2021. The group worked closely and consulted with all ministries, the Hellenic Statistical Authority, and key stakeholders, which included the Hellenic Parliament, regional and local authorities, social partners, and civil society, all under the ethos of a whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach. Greece's second VNR outlines challenges and strategies related to three crises: the aftermath of a ten-year national depression with lingering economic and social issues, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which has placed significant strain on the national health system and the economy, and, before the pandemic has even ended, the repercussions of a war outbreak within the European continent, causing widespread global concern. Despite these adversities, Greece remains staunchly committed to the Agenda 2030. The 17 Goals are woven into all its major binding political plans. Compact strategies are launched, policies are developed, and institutional reforms are designed to accelerate the full implementation of the SDGs and to build back better from the COVID-19 pandemic. It's noteworthy that Greece is one of only two countries in the European Union (EU) that managed to not deviate from any of the 17 Goals in 2021. The Greek Recovery and Resilience Plan coherently introduces forward-thinking reforms and investments aimed at accelerating the transition towards a sustainable growth model, and bolstering its economic, social, and institutional resilience. Supported by a budget of EUR 31.164 billion up to 2026, the Plan is structured around four key pillars that are inextricably linked to the core priorities of the SDGs. These include: (i) green transition, (ii) digital transition, (iii) employment, skills, and social cohesion, and (iv) private investment and economic and institutional transformation. All SDGs are significantly addressed by the national Plan, with an understandable focus on healthcare sustainability and economic productivity, which became increasingly salient during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, flagship initiatives have been launched. The goal of theses flagship initiatives is the response of the research and academic community to the social and economic challenges Greece is facing today, the most important of which are related to health [cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, sudden death of young people, serious viral diseases (Coronavirus)], climate change, food-nutrition. For example, in 4 research institutes around the country medical exams can be conducted in order to identify the best possible personalized treatment to cancer patients. Following an agreement between the ministry of Development (where the research Institutes belong) and the Ministry of Health, these medical exams can now be prescribed and the costs covered by the National Health System. |
| Hungary | Hungary's Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Strategy starts with an assessment of global trends, prospects and challenges. These include significant demographic changes, natural resources and energy, climate change, globalisation and de-globalisation, shifts in the labour force, health, inequalities, and welfare. The Hungarian government regards innovation as an effective tool in addressing these issues and a significant contributor to green and digital transitions. Eight national economic priorities in the Hungarian Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) identify smart specialisation pathways. The concentration of resources and promotion of RDI development in these areas could provide a significant competitive edge for Hungary. Among S3 priorities are 'Energy, Climate' and 'Resource-efficient Economy'. In most priorities of the S3, sustainability appears as a goal or as a horizontal aspect. Consequently, at the end of 2020, the Ministry for Innovation and Technology initiated the development of 27 knowledge centres, termed National Laboratories. These centres focus on fields that are particularly promising for the national economy and align with the challenges of the 21st century. The Government launched the Network of National Laboratories with HUF 14 billion and will support it with a total of HUF 90 billion in the coming years. The labs concentrate on four primary areas of research and development: industry and digitalisation, society, health, and secure society and environment. The 27 laboratories cover topics such as autonomous systems, climate change, artificial intelligence, and virology. Concerning societal aspects specifically, the National Laboratory for Social Innovation (TINLAB) was established. One of the institution's main goals is to propose a definition for social innovation at the national level and support its framework at a national level. It also aims to integrate Hungarian social innovation RDI efforts into international cooperation systems. The project can encompass broad thematic areas, such as social welfare, the social impacts of digitalisation, local and environmental social innovations, and the communities and labour market of the future. |
| Iceland | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have a pervasive influence on all aspects of national policymaking in Iceland. New policies, including the national budget, fiscal plan, and science and technology policy, are deeply rooted in the SDGs. The focus on SDGs in science and technology policy emerged following an extensive public consultation on the key societal challenges that Iceland will face in the coming years. These challenges encompass environment and sustainability, health and well-being, and adapting to a changing world of work and life. They serve as the foundation for strategic funding through the strategic development fund and inform broader policymaking within the sector. Moreover, the Prime Minister's office has established a sustainability team responsible for ensuring the integration of the SDGs across all government sectors. |
| Ireland | Impact 2030 aims to position Ireland's public R&I system at the heart of solutions to societal as well as economic challenges, by making it much more accessible to policymakers, enterprise and citizens. In parallel, we will significantly enhance our challenge-based R&I activity and approach. Internationally, perspectives on the purposes of research are changing, and research is increasingly understood as complex and far-reaching. Major global challenges are beginning to alter the ways in which research is framed. These broader challenges create a demand for research and innovation that is transnational, wide-ranging and interdisciplinary. Ireland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan includes a â¬65m National Challenges Fund. Administered by Science Foundation Ireland on behalf of DFHERIS, the programme will incentivise and facilitate researchers and innovators to employ interdisciplinary R&I approaches to tackle national and global societal challenges in support of green transition and digital transformation objectives. This mission-oriented or challenge-based approach should deliver tangible impact for society in the form of practical solutions. It is an outcome-focused research funding mechanism designed to maximise the opportunity for research translation and embracing transdisciplinarity, and acceptance of risk, as well as strong engagement of stakeholders and end-users. The second National Implementation Plan for the Sustainable Development Goals (2022-2024) is a direct response to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and provides a whole-of-government approach to implement the 17 SDGs. The National Policy Statement on the Bioeconomy recognises that the bioeconomy is crucial for sustainability and circularity, while also providing an impetus for rural and regional development and employment, and a Bioeconomy Action Plan will be published in 2023. Ireland has strategically programmed and built a strong climate research and innovation infrastructure. Funding is provided to the country's research-producing organisations to conduct science and policy-relevant research, and dedicated Enterprise Ireland Technology Centres and Science Foundation Ireland Research Centres are long established actors in these areas Under the Environmental Protection Agency's Research 2030 framework, which acknowledges the interconnectedness of environmental issues, the agency's research co-ordination activities are being streamlined by merging the research co-ordination groups under one main National Environmental Research Coordination Group (NERCG), where thematic sub-groups may be established if relevant. |
| Israel | Significant socio-economic disparities exist in Israel based on residential location. Furthermore, several groups are under-represented in the high-tech sector, such as women, Muslims, and ultra-orthodox Jews. The government is committed to bridging these gaps, sparking debates about the most effective ways of doing so while upholding a standard of technological excellence and fostering disruptive global innovation. Another debate centres around how the government can support sections of industry that are technologically lagging. Discussions are taking place on the best methods for encouraging underperforming firms (in terms of tech use) to invest in technological transformation. A new cross-government team is working to assist low-growth firms, also researching the barriers to tech adoption. |
| Italy | In 2023, Italy did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| Japan | Solving wide-ranging and complex social issues requires improving social systems and considering ethical, legal and social implications from the initial stages of R&D. This means exploiting outstanding research results that push the frontiers of knowledge in society and linking them to innovation. To this end, the government will systemically and consistently formulate evidence-based strategies for the central government, ministries and implementing agencies, promote mission-oriented R&D programmes and institutional reforms, and develop a system that can review strategies flexibly as needed. In addition, both the government and the private sector will promote the strategic and international use of standards as an important means to accelerate the implementation of advanced technologies that will help solve social issues, as well as stimulate the overseas expansion of Japanese companies through international competition and acquire new international markets. Public and private-sector projects will drive the social implementation of STI and the accompanying R&D. Finally, the public and private sectors will be reformed through enhanced use of strategic and international standards, which will be built in into government policies and corporate management strategies. |
| Korea | Both climate change and demographic change are now recognised as important issues impacting the daily lives of Koreans. For instance, there is a growing social awareness regarding the need to reduce the damage caused by climate change to agricultural and fishery products and to adopt environmentally friendly production methods. The Korean government is committed to responding to these megatrends and leveraging them as opportunities for the further development of Korean society. It aims to strengthen the policy linkages between S&T policy and socio-economic policy, promoting social problem-solving and driving structural changes based on S&T. The current focus of the government is on addressing social issues such as population ageing, climate change, energy, and disaster safety. One urgent societal challenge is the ageing population. Korea's birth rate fell below 1 in 2018, and by 2025, the population over 65 is expected to reach 10 million. In response, the government has formulated national policies in two main directions: 1) reversing the declining birth rate primarily through social welfare policies, and 2) preparing for an "aged society" by focusing STI policies on promoting innovations for high-quality healthcare services for seniors. Another significant issue is protecting the underprivileged from disasters. To alleviate their suffering during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and eliminate any possible gaps, the Korean government aims to establish a robust social and employment safety net for the entire population. Climate change is another crucial concern. Major countries are transitioning to low-carbon economies, yet Korea's greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and its industrial ecosystem remains carbon-based. Recognising the need to transform its socio-economic structure, the Korean government is implementing a green transformation to achieve its ultimate goal of a net-zero society. A recent trend in Korea is an increased focus on environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG), which drives companies to integrate IT-based digital transformation with ESG management. Challenges such as an ageing society, recent pandemics, and achieving a net-zero society require a cross-ministerial approach to problem-solving and policy coordination. The Korean government is proactively addressing these issues through the following measures: - The launch of the 3rd Plan for Solving Social Problems with Science and Technology (2023-2027), aimed at practically addressing major social problems through science and technology. - The establishment of the Presidential Committee on Ageing Society and Population Policy (https://www.betterfuture.go.kr) in 2010 to coordinate policies for an ageing society. - The development of Cross-governmental 2050 Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies to address climate change. - The implementation of joint R&D projects, including dementia research and care robots for elderly welfare, through inter-ministerial collaboration involving the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Science and ICT, and the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy. - The implementation of the Infectious Disease Prevention Technology Development Project by the Korea Medical Device Development Fund, a full-cycle R&D support organisation. |
| Latvia | There is an increasing focus on the ability of research and innovation (R&I) to address societal challenges. The Guidelines for Science, Technology Development, and Innovation for 2021-2027 highlight various global trends and challenges, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), EU strategic goals, as well as skills transition and demographic challenges. One of the goals outlined in the guidelines is "Finding innovative solutions for relevant societal challenges." Efforts are underway to strengthen the science-for-policy ecosystem at both national and international levels, such as the European Commission's Joint Research Centre and OECD-led project on "Building capacity for evidence-informed policymaking in governance and public administration in a post-pandemic Europe". Various programmes exist at different levels (EU, interregional, national) to fund research that addresses societal challenges. At the national level, the primary instrument for addressing such challenges since 2018 has been the State Research Programmes (SRPs), which allow sectoral ministries to commission top-down research. As of 2022, SRPs have been established by several ministries, including the Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of Economics, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Culture, and others. Several initiatives have been launched to promote the societal impact of scientific research. Impact criteria carry a weight of 50% when applying for State Research Programmes. The Latvian Council of Science has developed impact guidelines to assist researchers in achieving societal, policy, and economic impact. Seminars and discussions have also been conducted to help researchers enhance the societal impact of their work. |
| Lithuania | Regarding research impact and the inclusion of society: (1) Mission-oriented research and innovation programmes: A new approach to competitive funding has been adopted by creating pilot R&I programmes oriented towards missions and addressing societal challenges. An open competition for mission ideas was launched through the portal epilietis.lt to formulate competitive mission topics. Over 80 proposals from consortia of R&HEIs, businesses, and NGOs were received. After evaluating the suggested ideas and considering possible synergies with EU missions, three missions were formulated by experts: 1) Safe and inclusive e-society, 2) Smart and climate-neutral Lithuania, 3) Innovation for health. (2) Lithuania participates in ERA Action 14 through its involvement in the Plastic Pirates initiative. Pupils in their schools and local communities apply R&D methods to practically improve the quality of the local environment concerning pollution and contribute to behaviour changes based on scientific findings. Additionally, a broader financial support measure (from RRF funds) was launched for HEIs to introduce the concept and potential of citizen science into institutional practices and build researchers' capacities to design, implement, and manage citizen science projects/activities. (3) Smart specialisation: To ensure the entrepreneurial discovery process and garner wide support and involvement in smart specialisation, the Coordination group for smart specialisation was established. This newly formed group, led by the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, will operate in a forum-like style, including social partners from both the scientific and business communities, as well as key ministries and policy implementation agencies. Furthermore, in the Innovation agency, a structure of facilitators for each of the three priorities of Lithuania's smart specialisation was established. These facilitators will aid data-based decisions and promote regular dialogue between practitioners and visionaries from academia and business enterprises. (4) Lastly, the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport promotes the principles of open access with all research funding - this applies to both infrastructure and publications, among other areas. I've made changes for clarity, grammar, and flow without altering the content or structure of the argumentation. |
| Luxembourg | In 2023, Luxembourg did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| Malaysia | Malaysia is adapting to future challenges such as population growth, urbanisation and food demand by anticipating possible related issues, such as the increasing volume of solid waste, higher gas emissions and further environmental degradation. Recognising the importance of these issues, many of the nation's policy initiatives are aligned with most of the Sustainable Development Goals. The 5-Year Malaysia Plan, NSTIP 2021-30, Agrofood Policy 2.0, National Policy on the Environment and National Renewable Energy Policy, among others, outline specific quantum-leap initiatives whose objectives are further supported by sectoral plans and policies aligned to the SDGs. The NPSTI and the 10-10 MySTIE Framework emphasise the impact of science on society, and the need to raise awareness of its benefits and further develop scientific endeavours. Creating a science-literate society ensures that people, regardless of their background, are able to make informed decisions on issues that matter to them. |
| Malta | The new draft of the National R&I Strategic Plan was written in light of the recent Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine which have highlighted the vulnerability of Malta's open economy to external hazards, such as the resulting international economic, political and financial instability. Therefore, the recommendations reflect the emerging R&I-related priorities diversification of the economy, digitalisation, and increased sustainability. The Plan addresses the SDG on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure by emphasising the need for stronger R&I governance, improved framework conditions to address lacunae within the R&I ecosystem and adopting a mission-oriented approach to R&I. The need for a stronger R&I drive in support of a Just Transition is also highlighted in the Plan, as well as the links with the Smart Specialisation Strategy. Implementing these recommendations would subsequently ensure that Malta does not miss out on major transitions which are key for societal and economic well-being and resilience. |
| Mexico | Efforts have been made to promote the integration and involvement of scientific and technological communities and various sectors. Research support focuses on priority national challenges, including health, climate change, energy transition, rapid urbanisation, the emergence of chronic-degenerative diseases, and other highly endemic comorbidities among the Mexican population and the destruction of ecosystems. These efforts are part of the Strategic National Programs (Pronaces). They are aligned with the three major priorities defined in the General Council of Scientific Research, Technological Development, and Innovation in December 2020 (health, energy, and human security) to contribute more effectively to the creation of platforms for social change and the solution of the country's most pressing needs. With a model that seeks the maturation and impact of research projects on prioritised challenges, the focus is shifting from the seeds of knowledge or foundational projects to National Research and Impact Projects (Pronaii), promoting intersectoral dialogue with other federal public institutions, as well as with social and community organisations and the private sector. The aim is to produce valuable results for decision-making and generate impact by helping to solve the prioritised national challenges. One of the mechanisms for disseminating the results of RDI to the general population, students and academics is the implementation of social compensation activities as part of the scholarship holder's obligations. |
| Netherlands | In 2023, Netherlands did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| New Zealand | As set out in the Te Ara Paerangi - Future Pathways White Paper 2022, New Zealand aims to strengthen the links between research, innovation, and societal outcomes across all sectors. A primary tool in achieving this will be the National Research Priorities . The NRPs present an opportunity to shift the focus of research activities towards addressing critical challenges and opportunities in our economic, social, and environmental landscapes. As the primary mission-led aspect of the Research, Science and Innovation (RSI) system, they must be designed to support impact delivery. Māori, researchers, research providers, research users, industry, and the Government will have important roles in shaping and implementing NRPs. Moreover, New Zealand is contemplating how the research system can seek to understand and honour Te Tiriti obligations and opportunities, reimagine ways to realise Maori research aspirations, and explore pathways towards a modern research system for Aotearoa that is guided by Te Tiriti. The dual challenges of underinvestment in and mismanagement of mÄtauranga Māori highlight an overarching need to strengthen the ways the RSI system understands and invests in mÄtauranga Māori. One area to consider within this context is data sovereignty . From a Western perspective, data ownership typically resides with whoever collects or holds the data. However, the rights of the people from whom the data is collected often remain undefined. The RSI system needs stronger and explicit processes, procedures, and mechanisms to ensure that mÄtauranga Māori is not misappropriated, and that the mana or mandate for its use is appropriately retained by its Māori owners or kaitiaki. For more detailed information , please refer to: - Te Ara Paerangi - Future Pathways White Paper 2022 (mbie.govt.nz) - Te Ara Paerangi - Future Pathways Green Paper 2021 (mbie.govt.nz) - Indigenous data sovereignty - why does it matter? - Tourism Evidence and Insights Centre (mbie.govt.nz) |
| Norway | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a crucial aspect of Norway's Long-term Plan for Research and Higher Education, with universities and university colleges playing a key role in implementing the Sustainable Development Agenda through education and research. The government has recently proposed changes to the Act Relating to Universities and University Colleges to explicitly include a commitment to promote sustainable development. Since 2017, higher education institutions in Norway have been working on linking the need for new knowledge for sustainable development with multidisciplinary research communities through scientific advice. The Research Council of Norway aims to prioritise sustainability in its funding of research and development (R&D), develop instruments that target sustainability-related challenges, and enhance the sustainability perspective in international cooperation. The government provides annual reports to the Norwegian Parliament on progress towards achieving the SDGs and launched an action plan on SDG achievement in the second quarter of 2021. Norway has also submitted a voluntary national review to the United Nations on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The sustainable use of the ocean is a key priority for the Norwegian government, as highlighted in the revised ocean strategy called Blue Opportunities. This strategy recognises the importance of sound ocean policy and a sustainable ocean economy in achieving the SDGs and advocates for an international framework for sustainable ocean management. Additionally, Norway co-chairs the High-level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, which focuses on responsible ocean management based on sustainable use and the best available scientific knowledge. Norway has participated in a PSF MLE on Citizen Science, with several recommendations from the final report being relevant to the country. The Research Council of Norway has established a network for citizen science, and efforts are being made to map existing citizen science projects and provide guidance for researchers interested in using citizen engagement and citizen science methods in their projects. The Research Council of Norway provides funding for Sami research through a Sami portfolio, which is supported by the Norwegian Ministries of Education and Research, and of Local Government and Regional Development. The aim of the portfolio is to generate new knowledge that strengthens the Sami people's languages, culture, and community. The research programme primarily focuses on humanities and social sciences research related to Sami issues, but it is also open to natural science research with direct links to the humanities and social sciences in areas such as health, climate, and the environment. The Centre for Sami Health Research (CSHR) at the University of Tromsø is responsible for the SAMINOR Study, a large population-based study on health and living conditions in regions with Sami and Norwegian populations. SAMINOR provides valuable insights into the health and living conditions of the Sami, and its indigenous perspective makes it a unique database nationally and internationally. The CSHR collaborates with research teams involved in health research in indigenous communities across various countries. Efforts have been made to produce statistics on the Sami communities in Norway. The project "Sami-related statistics in Norway" was initiated in 2003, resulting in the first official Sami statistics being published in 2006. Due to privacy regulations, national authorities in Norway are not allowed to register ethnicity, making it challenging to produce statistics specifically on the Sami population as a group. However, statistics are available based on the geographical area of activity of the Sámediggi subsidy schemes for business development. These statistics cover various relevant topics, including elections, population size and composition, education, language use, income, employment, reindeer husbandry, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Expert Analysis Group for Sami Statistics, established in 2007, produces an annual publication called "Sámi logut muitalit" (Sami Statistics Speak). This publication provides a general overview of topics relevant to those seeking information about Sami conditions and society. The publication is available in both Sami and Norwegian languages. Sources: Sami logut muitalit (Sami Statistics Speak): https://samilogutmuitalit.no/se/publicat... |
| Peru | Peru's STI policy aims to align SINACTI's actions with social and economic needs, addressing challenges and seizing opportunities nationwide. The social appropriation of science, technology, and innovation is promoted by establishing Science and Technology Clubs at the basic education level, as well as fairs and seminars targeting the general public, researchers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers. Additionally, platforms for knowledge dissemination from STI projects are being implemented, along with regional and national coordination bodies that actively involve civil society in designing and formulating innovative solutions to the country's priority challenges. |
| Poland | In Poland, a tradition has been established to tackle the country's social and economic issues through the lens of sustainable development. Poland's Constitution (1997) recognises sustainable development as a fundamental right. Article 5 of the Basic Act states: "The Republic of Poland shall safeguard the independence and inviolability of its territory, ensure the freedoms and rights of man and citizen, the security of citizens, safeguard the national heritage, and ensure the protection of the environment, guided by the principle of sustainable development." As early as in 2000, the Council of Ministers adopted the Strategy "Poland 2025 - Long-term strategy for sustainable development," an innovative document, which directed the country's development according to sustainable development principles. However, this strategy is currently not in operation. The current predominant strategy, The 2030 Strategy for Responsible Development (SRD), was adopted by the Council of Ministers in 2017 (Strategia na rzecz Odpowiedzialnego Rozwoju do roku 2020 (z perspektywÄ do 2030), Warszawa 2017). This sets the following R&D-related targets: - R&D intensity: 1.7% of GDP by 2020, with a goal of 2.5% by 2030 (up from 1% in 2015), - Business enterprise expenditures on R&D (BERD) in relation to GDP: 0.8% of GDP by 2020 and a target of 1.3% of GDP by 2030 (up from 0.47% in 2015). The strategy is continually monitored annually and sparks lively political and expert debates. The creation of new solutions aligns with a model of cooperation within the science-business-administration triangle. Programs implemented by the National Centre for Research and Development serve as an example of this. Economic policy is programmed with consideration outcomes six strategic research programmes conducted by the National Centre for Research and Development: New technologies in the field of energy, Gospostrateg, Infostrateg, Biostrateg, Strategmed, Techmatstrateg. The primary aim of the GOSPOSTRATEG Programme is to increase the use of socio-economic research results in shaping national and regional development policies by 2028. The Programme's objectives are twofold: (1) implementation of policies, strategies, operational documents, and specific solutions developed under the Programme; (2) application of solutions created under the Programme, strengthening social capital necessary for implementing national and regional development policies. Simultaneously, other national programmes and initiatives specifically designed for STI policy are in development or being implemented, including the Productivity Strategy, National Regional Development Strategy 2030, and State Science Policy. The State Science Policy (2022) outlines a broad scope of science's social responsibility and the role of science in addressing key social and economic problems. It encompasses participation in: - Tackling global challenges, including implementing the Sustainable Development Goals to meet the needs of the current generation sustainably, with respect for the environment and consideration of future generations' needs, and climate change adaptation and mitigation; - Resolving social and economic problems through the use of new technologies and their implementation in the economy, such as digital technologies, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and open science; - Preparing for challenges associated with improving quality of life, demographic changes, labour market and migration challenges, health policy issues; - Emphasising the importance of research in the humanities and social sciences, community, culture, and tradition; - Defence and security of the state. The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated a debate on the optimal methods of containing and managing the pandemic, including clarifying misunderstandings and misinformation spread during the pandemic. The scientific community is extensively involved in these activities. |
| Portugal | The current debates on how research and innovation (R&I) policy can help address societal challenges in Portugal tend to focus on recognising and fully harnessing the potential of STI as sources of sustainable solutions to face the complexity of climate and digital transitions.. Additionally, the response to the difficulties associated with the Covid-19 Pandemic has also highlighted the capacity of the national R&I system to respond to crises. Major societal challenges are now being incorporated as a necessity and unavoidable reference for defining objectives and actions related to the public financing of R&I in Portugal. In recent years, funding instruments have been implemented to promote R&I activities that address immediate needs. These instruments are often limited in duration and more goal-oriented, such as initiatives that fund R&I activities to address challenges resulting from Covid-19. On the other hand, policy initiatives and funding solutions are also being implemented to address more structural difficulties and problems. For example, specific funding is provided for R&I projects focused on preventing and fighting forest fires or promoting scientific activity and innovation in specific territories like the Côa Valley and Montesinho. These instruments require holistic and systemic approaches, mobilising various actors and agents in the R&I system. Within public debates, there is a growing acceptance of the societal benefits of promoting scientific literacy and culture, particularly among the younger population in formal education programmes. Ciência Viva is the main institution in the government sphere responsible for these initiatives, covering the entire territory of Portugal. The societal challenges posed by digital transformation are also among the main drivers of citizens' engagement with science and technology. Initiatives under the INCoDe 2030 framework aim to achieve equal access to digital literacy and eliminate info-exclusion. Citizen Science in Portugal still heavily relies on initiatives generated within civil society or with citizens often serving as data collectors, which can hinder the development of dedicated public initiatives. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) underlie the formulation of public policies and serve as key instruments for political planning in Portugal. The country prioritises SDGs 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, and 14, as outlined in the Portuguese report on implementing the 2030 agenda (https://ods.pt/ods/). The recently launched 2023 National Reform Programme (NRP) includes STI measures as key proposals to address the different SDGs. Specifically, the NRP aims to boost R&I in sustainable agriculture (SDG 2), increase the number of higher education graduates in STEAM areas, reform higher education social action, diversify and adapt curricula and other offers (SDG 4), further coordinate the Environmental Fund and the Fund for Innovation, Technology, and Circular Economy (SDG 9), promote new products, technologies, and processes that integrate bio-based resources (SDG 12), deliver a research vessel with high energy performance for marine research (SDG 13), establish financial support instruments for R&I activities incorporating the biological basis in the production processes of the textile, clothing, footwear, and natural resin sectors (SDG 14), and increase the number of Ciência Viva clubs by 650, with an emphasis on the STEAM fields (SDG 17). |
| Republic of North Macedonia | In 2023, Republic of North Macedonia did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |
| Romania | The significance of science and research for society needs to be bolstered. The justification for investing in science, research, and innovation has not yet been fully articulated, and further high-level commitment to these fields is required, as they serve as drivers for heightened competitiveness and sustained economic growth. A broad public debate, conducted in all major cities with engagement from national, regional, and social media, focusing on the implementation of the National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialisation 2022-2027 (SNCISI) and the vision of 'science for society', would amplify the voices of stakeholders, endorsing the relevance of R&I activities. To enhance the performance of the R&I system, it is crucial to improve predictability in funding, thereby ensuring trust and alignment between strategic intentions and their implementation. Consistently high levels of instability are harmful to any research and innovation system. Therefore, it is vitally important that all elements within a tiered system are committed and well-coordinated. The role of existing bodies is to guarantee a consistent and coherent overall promotion and coordination of the R&I system, inclusive of the SNCISI, European Union Cohesion Policy funds, and the EC-backed National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNNR). |
| Serbia | Serbia is strongly committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has developed the first Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Roadmap for the SDGs based on the smart specialisation approach. The efforts in smart specialisation for sustainable development, supported by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre and UNIDO, have led to the inclusion of an SDGs component in the Smart Specialisation Strategy Serbia (4S) and the development of the STI Roadmap for the SDGs. The strategy's action plan and the pilot methodology developed as part of this process are considered best practices and have been included in the "Guidebook for the Preparation of Science, Technology, and Innovation for SDGs Roadmap" published jointly by the UN and European Commission. One notable accomplishment is the increase in expenditures for research and development (R&D), which reached 0.99% of GDP in 2021. This significant investment in R&D has substantially contributed to the achievement of SDG 9, which targets industry, innovation, and infrastructure development. However, we acknowledge that there are still challenges on our path. One significant challenge is the need to develop comprehensive, cross-sectoral measures that can effectively integrate research and innovation into various aspects of society. Achieving this level of integration requires the formation of interministerial working bodies to facilitate coordinated efforts across different government agencies. These interministerial groups play a crucial role in implementing measures that contribute more holistically to science, technology, and innovation for society. |
| Slovak Republic | Areas of economic specialisation remain the same as for previous years as they are based on the traditional sectors and prospective areas of specialisation concerning fast growing sectors, which have high potential for the development of the Slovak economy. : - Automotive and mechanical engineering industries - Consumer electronics and electrical equipment - Information and communication products and services - Production and processing of iron and steel Development trends in the specialisation areas of economy emain the same as for previous years: - to increase domestic value-added products, particularly through the effective transfer of technology and science and research results into the production process, - to develop production processes in industry focusing on better use of available resources, greater use of recycling materials and environment-friendly materials through RDI, - the use, placement and replacement of previously used materials for advanced materials with a new and more complex performance, including technological processing (machining, forming, joining), - to develop technological investment units, particularly in the field of metallurgy, engineering, energy and integrated industrial equipment, with respect to the application and use of light metals and advanced materials in the production of transport and construction facilities to reduce overall weight and contribute to the green economy, development and application usage of composite materials, - to develop technological investment units, particularly in the energy and industrial facilities, with respect to internationalisation activities and the development of so-called "Emerging countries', - to make more efficient the production and logistics processes, - to use ICT and robotics in the production processes, - to involve in supply chains and internationalisation - "the purchase of cooperation is also a purchase', - know-how transfer from large to small subjects and vice versa in the framework of the cooperation, and - energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Linking the Priority Areas to the needs of the environment and society remains a key priority. |
| Slovenia | The Resolution on the Slovenian Scientific Research and innovation Strategy 2030 provides a strategic framework for dealing with societal challenges, such as twin transition. Furthermore, Smart specialization strategy S5 and priority areas are focused on the sustainability, with strategic goal of a green transition of economy and society. This means that the focus is 'smart directionality', notably the incorporation of STI in different sectoral policies. Some new instruments address the twin transition (digitalisation, low carbon technologies and circular economy), as a major focus of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, furthermore, new ESIF funded collaborative projects between RPO and business sector will also address the green transition in line with Smart specialization strategy. Training and Carbon-Free Technologies Centre Trbovlje, which will be co-funded by the Just Transition Fund, will represent a part of a thematic ecosystem in the fields of batteries and hydrogen, furthermore the establishment of the Institute of Chemistry's Biomass Biorefinery Laboratory, also financed from the Just Transition Fund, is a huge potential for upgrading to biorefinery in the future. In a broader sense, the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan, Slovenian Industrial strategy and other strategic documents feature STI-related components. The Slovenian development strategy and Industrial Strategy are in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with sets of goals for economy's transition to a green, creative and smart economy. The societal challenges demand changes in the way of thinking and functioning in all areas. Thinking outside the box and all stages innovation has become a necessity. Without a structural restoration of the European and Slovenian economy in the direction of a sustainable, inclusive and regionally balanced development, this will not be possible. We need to catch the wave of the fourth industrial revolution. Slovenia has the opportunity to use available European funds to ensure the needed investments in research and development, innovation, digitalisation, education and training for various professions of the future. The priority in the investment of European funds is to ensure the long-term competitiveness of the Slovenian economy. |
| South Africa | The Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) supports interventions to enable an innovation ecosystem through an expanded spatial footprint. Accordingly, the 'Regional Innovation Support and Innovation' and the 'Innovation for Local Economic Development' programmes are part of the policy debates. There will be an increased effort to (i) understand the Provincial Growth and Development and Local Economic Development (LED) strategies, and (ii) contribute novel approaches to Integrated Development Planning processes. To address our climate obligations and Sustainable Development Goals, the sectors must include circular economy aspects to enable a just transition to a low-carbon economy. To contribute to LED promotion, a developmental mandate of local governments, the DSI provides support to enable municipalities to drive innovation-led LED. To this end, the DSI provides human resources to enable strategic planning and attract investment from NSI institutions to build local innovation capacities, thus strengthening local systems of innovation and production. |
| Spain | The 2021-2027 Spanish Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation (EECTI) emphasises the importance of aligning science with socio-economic progress, in service of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the European Union's STI agenda. To meet these objectives, the EECTI prioritises and addresses challenges in strategic national sectors that will play a key role in transferring knowledge and promoting research, development and innovation (RDI) within the Spanish industrial landscape. It delineates strategic lines in priority sectors and large driving projects related to: Health; Culture, Creativity and Inclusive Society; Security for Society; Digital world, Industry, Space and Defence; Climate, Energy, and Mobility; Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources and the Environment. The 2021-2023 State Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (PEICTI) advances such strategic lines through strategic actions (AE). These are programmatic actions that channel sectoral policies and define specific instruments. Instruments include those dedicated to catalysing innovation and business leadership such as Missions and Partnerships, or those aimed at coordinating regional capacities in RDI, like the Complementary Joint Research Plans. The governance systems of the Strategy and the plan establish the necessary mechanisms to update the strategic lines with the participation of all stakeholders. Additionally, the government is formulating the so-called PERTE (Strategic Plans for Economic Recovery and Transformation) to construct large transformative projects on a national scale. These projects aim to facilitate the digital and ecological transition and contribute to economic growth and employment through a combination of knowledge, experience, resources and actors. They aim to address market failures and/or social challenges that other ways cannot rectify. They are designed to be innovative and add value to RDI. The Action Plan for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda in Spain identifies scientific and technical research as a policy lever to contribute to achieving the SDGs. In this regard, STI policy can potentially accelerate the implementation of the 2030 Agenda in various SDGs, creating synergies with numerous sectoral policies: energy, environment, infrastructure, transport and housing, or agriculture and fisheries. The Action Plan includes priority areas of action in which scientific and technical research is presented as a transversal policy. The ubiquity of the STI system will contribute to addressing the demographic challenge in Spain, promoting the distribution of its agents and infrastructures throughout the country. It is crucial to note that Spanish RDI policy is governed by principles of gender equality and diversity, as well as the social and economic responsibility of RDI. This is achieved by incorporating citizen science, co-creation, open access policies, and alignment of RDI with social values, needs, and expectations. Moreover, the new regulation for Knowledge Transfer Offices includes evaluation criteria on knowledge transfer to society. This encompasses disseminating results to promote social impact and encourage actions further embedding STI culture in Spanish society. |
| Sweden | The integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy in Sweden is clear in several aspects, including programme targeting, design, criteria for project evaluations, and monitoring and evaluation of initiatives. Mission-orientation and addressing societal challenges are key driving mechanisms in programme targeting and design. This approach is reflected in various programme initiatives, such as Impact Innovation, launched in 2022 and designed to drive strategic innovation programmes in collaboration with Vinnova, the Swedish Energy Agency, and Formas. The Industrial Leap initiative, led by the Swedish Energy Agency, focuses on accelerating the large-scale implementation of transformative energy technologies in industries. Sweden actively participates in the EU's five missions, with notable involvement in the EU City Mission through the Strategic Innovation Programme Viable Cities. This initiative utilises significant governance innovations, including City Climate Contracts, to connect city governance to national governance and Net Zero City processes within the EU City Mission. Sweden also plays an active role in the EU Cancer Mission, mobilising efforts through the "Zero Vision Cancer" framework. Additionally, Sweden is engaged in the other three EU Missions, although to a lesser extent than the City Mission and Cancer Mission. Challenge-oriented research is integrated into numerous programmes and initiatives, with 13 national research programmes being particularly significant. These programmes, based on national research agendas, have a duration of 10 years and contribute to addressing specific challenges. Overall, the integration of the SDGs into STI policy in Sweden is demonstrated through mission-oriented initiatives, challenge-oriented research programmes, and active participation in EU missions. These approaches prioritise addressing societal challenges and driving sustainable development through targeted STI interventions. |
| Switzerland | The federal government's ERI funding policy is grounded in the principles of sustainable development and encompasses all dimensions of the targets, including social solidarity, economic performance, and environmental responsibility. Its primary objective is to contribute to sustainable development and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the Federal Council's Sustainable Development Strategy 2030 (SDS 2030), while also capitalizing on associated opportunities and potentials to enhance Switzerland's competitiveness as an ERI hub. The parliamentary consultation procedure for the new ERI Dispatch covering the period 2025-2028 commenced in May 2023. Similar to the current ERI Dispatch (2021-2024), the importance of the ERI system for sustainable development is acknowledged. Consequently, ERI institutions aim to further reinforce education, research, and innovation as catalysts for sustainable development through various instruments, measures, and activities that have been implemented or are planned for the future. As examples, several national research programmes and national competence centres for research address challenges in the context of the different dimensions of sustainability. Also, the Swiss Innovation Agency Innosuisse aligns its funding activities with the Federal Council's Sustainable Development Strategy 2030. |
| Thailand | For years, Thailand has been grappling with the middle-income trap (MIT), social disparity, and environmental degradation caused by unbalanced development that places excessive emphasis on economic growth. In 2021, the Bio-Circular-Green Economy (BCG) was declared as the national agenda, forming a strategy to drive sustainable economic growth and social inclusiveness. Efforts to promote BCG have been strengthened with the establishment of two BCG committees: (1) BCG Policy Board of Directors, chaired by the Prime Minister, to review the progress of policies related to the BCG national agenda; and (2) BCG Model Implementation Committee, chaired by the Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, to spearhead the development of the BCG Action Plan and drive the BCG agenda to meet all the targets, with a mechanism in place for cross-ministerial and inter-agency coordination. The BCG model can be seen as Thailand's strategy to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations (UN), as demonstrated in the following goals and targets of the BCG Action Plan 2021-2027 that align with SDGs: - Sustainable economic growth: The BCG model is expected to raise the economic value of BCG industries by THB 1 trillion, increase the proportion of high-value products and services by 20%, and generate 50% more income for the grassroots. This impact will contribute to SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), SDG 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure), and SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). - Socioeconomic prosperity: The BCG model aims to improve income inequality for 10 million people, reduce the proportion of undernourished population to 5%, decrease health inequality for at least 300,000 people, and increase the number of energy self-sufficient communities by 20%. This aspect is connected to SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 2 (zero hunger), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), and SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). - Sustainability of resources and the environment: The BCG model aims to reduce natural resource consumption by one-fourth, cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, and add at least 0.5 million ha of forest area. These improvements correspond to SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG 13 (climate action), SDG 14 (life below water), SDG 15 (life on land), and SDG 17 (partnerships for the goals). - Self-reliance: The BCG model aims to improve the skills of at least 1 million workers, create an additional 1,000 startups and innovation-driven enterprises (IDEs), improve the negative technology balance of payments by 20%, and reduce imports of medical and health supplies by 20%. The enhancement will contribute to SDG 4 (quality education), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), and SDG 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure). Poverty eradication and grassroots economy development are keys for Thailand to achieve an inclusive society and break free from the middle-income trap. Under the BCG model and the Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation Policy and Strategy, the poverty eradication program was launched by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation to leverage manpower, expertise, and tools available in universities and research institutes to alleviate poverty. The program not only helps include poor people in the government welfare program but also strengthens local communities and the grassroots economy as a long-term solution to end poverty. The program involves local universities and communities working together to identify poor people and include them in the government welfare system. A database containing useful parameters, namely, human capital, economic capital, natural capital, physical capital, and social capital, has also been developed for designing proper solutions suitable for each individual household. To empower the poor to earn a living, a capacity-building program was implemented for skill development. The capacity-building program has also been launched at the community level to support enterprise development as a way to build a better grassroots economy. As of March 2023, the poverty eradication program has been implemented in 20 selected provinces throughout Thailand. The Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation is not the only government agency engaged in poverty eradication. In fact, several programs have been implemented by a multitude of organisations to boost family income. The Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council (NXPO) and the National Health Commission Office joined forces to gather perceptions and opinions from stakeholders on issues related to poverty eradication in the context of the BCG national agenda. The results were presented and discussed at the National Health Assembly - a main forum for developing participatory public policy - taking place in December 2022. A declaration of intent was made at the National Health Assembly to apply the BCG model for grassroots economy development, disparity reduction, and poverty eradication, paving the pathway to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Stakeholders also reached an agreement to propose to the cabinet to declare poverty eradication with the BCG model as a national agenda. In addition to science, the BCG model also aims at applying creativity, cultural capital, and traditional wisdom to boost the economy. To facilitate the creation and exploitation of Thailand's soft power, the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation established Thailand Academy of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts (TASSHA) and funded projects that explore the use of soft power to add value to the economy. A local university in northern Thailand received a grant to design Lanna Modernisation Railroad Travel to promote rail tourism and the route between the old towns of Lampang, Lamphun, and Chiang Mai. The Lanna Modernisation Railroad tour is now offered by the State Railway of Thailand. "Storytelling through food" is another project funded by the Ministry to present local culture, identity, history, and ways of life through culinary arts and food products and services. The project also includes the development of an online training platform to train gastro-storytelling specialists. The National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) launched a project to implement NAVANURAK - a digital platform created by NSTDA for management and dissemination of information on culture and biodiversity - for collecting and preserving information on archaeological sites and historic buildings to facilitate heritage conservation. |
| Türkiye | In recent years, the importance of STI policies and activities has increased due to the transformative effects of rapidly developing technologies, global trends such as the green and digital twin transition, and socio-economic challenges like the pandemic, climate change (including extreme weather events), natural disasters, raw material shortages, disruption of value chains, and geopolitical and economic risks. These global risks and crises highlight the need for sustainable, resilient, and inclusive approaches. The interconnectedness of environmental, social, technological, geopolitical, and economic risks creates a complex system, requiring output- and impact-oriented contributions through transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary cooperation, large-scale collaborations, and co-creation models. This involves fostering dynamic and interactive relationships between universities, industry, the public sector, and society (quadruple helix) within the national STI ecosystem. There is a global consensus on the increasing disconnection between economic growth and well-being. While R&D and innovation have emerged as major drivers, these trends have yet to be reconciled. Therefore, recent STI policy approaches focus on harnessing innovative solutions to address social challenges. Additionally, the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are increasingly incorporated into STI policies. At the national level in Türkiye, research and innovation policy is coordinated under the Presidential Government System, with the Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy Council (STIPC) chaired by the President. STIPC is responsible for various tasks, including determining 'Prioritised Technology Areas for Türkiye' through quantitative and qualitative analyses. These analyses identify high-impact and feasible technologies to focus research, development, and innovation (RDI) efforts within the Government's STI policy mix. The assessment of technologies considers not only emerging technologies and global trends but also national targets, priorities, and needs. Social impact criteria have been determined based on the European Quality of Life Surveys (EQLS), the UN SDGs, and the OECD Better Life Index. Technologies are evaluated against these criteria through Delphi surveys. Social Impact Assessment Criteria were determined for this Delphi analysis; which are 'Enabling waste management, Reduced infant mortality, Reducing regional development disparities, Ensuring the participation of disadvantaged groups in social life, Improving natural disaster management, Increasing early childhood education, Increasing access to quality and safe clean water, Increasing access to quality and safe food, Increasing efficiency in urban transport, Ensuring uninterrupted and reliable energy supply, Enabling the protection of cultural and natural assets, Improvement of air quality in living spaces, Ensuring lifelong learning, Increased life expectancy'. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBITAK) adopts a strategic RDI approach focused on output, impact, inclusivity, and co-creation models. TÜBITAK's Recent Priority R&D and Innovation Areas Study for 2022-2023 covers 264 priority topics, with half of them falling under digitalisation, and one-third of the digitalisation topics relating to artificial intelligence. One-fourth of the topics are related to green technologies Türkiye has also experienced significant developments in this field. The Recent Priority R&D and Innovation Areas Study covering the years of 2022-2023, by TÜBITAK which includes current priority R&D and Innovation topics covers a total of 264 priority topics; in those 1 out of every 2 is prepared within the scope of digitalization (and 1 out of every 3 topics in digitalization is in the field of AI) while 1 out of 4 is prepared within the scope of green technologies. With a focus on green and digital technologies; TÜBITAK's 2022-2023 Priority RDI Topics has three main pillars. The first pillar is 'RDI Topics in Priority and Key Technologies', which includes the topics defined in six new technology roadmaps on AI, Advanced Materials, Big Data and Cloud Computing, Motor Technologies, Cybersecurity and, Biotechnological Pharmaceuticals; as aforementioned were prepared within the auspices of the Turkish Presidency's STIPC, in cooperation with the Ministry of Industry and Technology and technical support of TÜBITAK. The second pillar is 'RDI Topics for the Compliance to EU Green Deal and Adaptation to Climate Change' and the third pillar is 'Strategic and Needs-Oriented RDI Topics' based on prioritized topics due to national needs such as earthquake research, biodiversity, biomedical equipments, etc. Additionally, in line with the European Green Deal, R&D activities primarily focus on developing and disseminating green and renewable energy technologies for sustainable production. Türkiye announced its 2053 Net Zero Emission Target on September 27, 2021, signalling a commitment to green and sustainable growth. Moreover, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry have their own studies and strategies aligned with Türkiye's commitments to the UN's SDGs. Each ministry focuses on developing technologies related to their respective areas and provides RDI support. |
| Ukraine | Recent events in Ukraine have shown that we live in uncertain and turbulent times. The challenges posed by a global pandemic and subsequently by military action, combined with the demand for restoring the economy on the global, national and especially regional levels, can be resolved only through science, new technologies and new management methods. The Government of Ukraine understands the crucial role of STI in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sustainable, inclusive future for the world. The Innovation Strategy's Action Plan foresees the development of an STI for SDGs roadmap. We see the future STI for SDGs roadmap as a key instrument for moving towards the comprehensive and effective accomplishment of the SDGs, and a resilient and sustainable recovery of the country's economy and society after the COVID-19 pandemic. We are certain that the STI for SDGs roadmap is a powerful policy-making instrument, which involves existing international methodologies and creates perfect conditions for aligning national steps towards achieving SDGs on the national and regional level with STI activities. We see the roadmap as a blend of SDG, STI and smart specialisation frameworks. The government strategic documents related to STI cover the main tasks involving effective interaction between science, education and industry to develop innovative activities, advance high-tech sectors, and introduce energy-efficient and resource-saving technologies. The business community has also developed a draft strategy for Industry 4.0. However, these tasks are not sufficiently incorporated into all sectoral strategic documents, which complicates the country adaptation to rapid technological change and environmental challenges. Presidential Decree No. 722/2019, dated 30 September 2019, recommends duly considering the SDGs up to 2030 when determining the areas of scientific research, and using them as reference points in forecasting and programme documents. The process of incorporating SDG-related tasks in national strategic documents is underway. In Ukraine, 11 of the 17 national SDGs include tasks directed at developing and implementing innovative technologies or the formation of an innovative ecosystem (infrastructure). This represents nearly one-third (28 out of 86) of the total SDG-related national tasks. In 2021, MES started work on the priority STI directions, which will direct the development of the scientific and innovation sphere for five years. To this aim, it has conducted the Foresight exercise, which included several stages and several thousand respondents from the real economy and the academic community. The results of the Foresight on the definition of priority areas of scientific and technological development, in keeping with national objectives and indicators of progress for achieving the SDGs, will be the basis of developing a draft STI roadmap for achieving the SDGs. In our opinion, such an approach will help design a comprehensive national policy for the development of STI and will ensure the implementation of the tasks stipulated in the National Report "Sustainable Development Goals: Ukraine". More than 3 000 technological proposals in all areas were provided, corresponding to the following criteria: - correspondence of research with global scientific and technological trends; - availability of national scientific potential; - multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral orientation; - focus on practical implementation of the results in the real economy. An additional criterion, resulting from the situation caused by the current pandemic, is import substitution, at least for critical products (services). We now have a shortlist of thematic areas - up to ten in each of seven spheres (i.e. information and communication technology, life sciences, rational use of nature, new substances and materials, socio-humanitarian development, national security and defence, and energy efficiency). In our opinion, the next steps should be: Short-term perspective: - developing a map of STI potential in Ukraine, according to the main priorities and regions of Ukraine; - developing a methodology for assessing the impact of science and innovation on the implementation of the SDGs; - analysing regions' smart specialisations and elaborating a proposal to harmonise them with the potential of STI, national priorities and SDG tasks; - researching and evaluating alternative innovative ways to solve problems and accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. Long-term perspective: - developing a draft STI roadmap for SDGs in Ukraine; - co-ordinating this draft with the strategic plans of government bodies and businesses; - implementing a monitoring and evaluation system to garner information about the expediency of the adopted policy instruments during the process of implementing the roadmap. Ukraine might require assistance with: - preparing a methodology for assessing the impact of science and innovation on the implementation of the SDGs, namely, evaluation indicators; - developing a methodology for preparing a roadmap, particularly with regard to its format; - conducting consultations and meetings with the main stakeholders (representatives of regional state administrations, business ombudsmen councils, as well as business and science); - trainings on roadmap development. |
| United Kingdom | The UK's International Technology Strategy in 2023 set out 10 priority actions. 1. Use international levers to support delivery of the UK's Science and Technology Framework, developing a cross-government implementation plan informed by engagement with priority nations. 2. Embed our principles throughout HMG's technology strategies, delivery plans and partnerships, and deliver values-based technology leadership that provides a liberal alternative to authoritarianism. 3. Create a new Technology Centre of Expertise, part of British Investment Partnerships, providing access to UK expertise to support sustainable economic growth around the world. 4. Create the world's most extensive and capable technology diplomacy network, increasing the number of UK Tech Envoys, increasing our tech expertise across our global network, and uplifting the capability of our diplomats through training, secondments and recruitment. 5. Shape the global governance of technologies, including championing the OECD Global Forum on Technology, building on the success of the UK's Future Tech Forum. 6. Establish a prioritised set of technology-based partnerships with key partners around the world, delivering mutually beneficial objectives and unlocking new opportunities. 7. Build on the UK's successful election to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Council, working together with partners to deliver an ITU that works for all its members, increases worldwide connectivity, and bridges the global divide. We will continue to shape the global technical standards ecosystem in line with our principles and values. 8. Develop technology solutions to global challenges through FCDO investment in mission-driven Research and Development (R&D) and technology development. 9. Coordinate across government to progress work to make the UK the best place to invest for technology and promote exports of leading UK technologies. 10. Promote the best of British technology expertise and leadership through our embassies and high commissions around the world. |
| Viet Nam | In 2023, Viet Nam did not provide information on 'Research and innovation for society' policy debates. |